Research on Wong Kar Wai films and social context.

Hong kong new wave notes.

Social context.

The rise of Hong Kong new wave cinema - https://gbtimes.com/rise-hong-kong-new-wave-cinema

Hong Kong second wave cinema : Wong Kar Wai - https://ttruong16.wordpress.com

Hong Kong new wave cinema 1978 - 2000 Journal - https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tezz-YTGJ00C&pg=PA54&lpg=PA54&dq=characteristics+of+hong+kong+new+wave&source=bl&ots=Fo8Q0vzUB_&sig=KpG1IYK6ckXAjRuDxc0BijXzGCU&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjbuuv2w93dAhVOOMAKHZi5AhI4FBDoATAIegQIBBAB#v=onepage&q=characteristics%20of%20hong%20kong%20new%20wave&f=false -  hong kong new wave cinema 1978-200

The Hong Kong second wave iMDb - https://www.imdb.com/list/ls063474817/

Hong Kong new wave cinema? ten years and more indies challenging China - https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/hong-kong-new-wave-cinema-894132

The Mecca of the Hong kong new wave - https://medium.com/dccff/rthk-the-mecca-of-the-hong-kong-new-wave-6032be0b78b5

At full speed, Hong Kong cinema in a borderless world - http://concept-script.com/essays/HectorRodriguezNewWave.pdf

Britain agrees to return Hong Kong to China - HISTORY - https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/britain-agrees-to-return-hong-kong-to-china

Chungking Express - https://www.theguardian.com/film/1995/sep/14/1

Hong Kongs handover : How the UK returned it to China - https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-40426827

Everyone if feeling more despair - https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-07-01/21-years-on-after-hong-kong-handover-to-china/9918508

Once a model city -https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/29/world/asia/hong-kong-china-handover.html

A lease none thoughtwould run out https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/a-lease-no-one-thought-would-run-out-1281384.html

Hong Kong during the 1990s - http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/6221864.stm

Hong Kong Government and society -  https://www.britannica.com/place/Hong-Kong/Government-and-society#ref11631

The history of Hong Kong action cinema Pt.4 1960 - 1980 - https://www.filminquiry.com/history-hong-kong-action-cinema-4/

Thousands protest in Hong Kong - https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/01/world/asia/hong-kong-march-handover.html

Uncertanty of Hong Kong hand over https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/asia-pacific/twenty-years-on-uncertainty-lingers-over-hong-kong-handover-1.3142273

Spatial intimacies: negotiating place in four films by Wong Kar Wai - https://api.research-repository.uwa.edu.au/portalfiles/portal/4729885/Van_de_Welde_Danica_2011_2.pdf

The cinema of Wong Kar Wai - https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wiy4gm2kxv0C&pg=PA55&lpg=PA55&dq=wong+kar+wai+fallen+angels+social+context&source=bl&ots=aWrcWQlVJz&sig=6oypua5xsYVA1pzROxhLDBsNn3k&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjDnPvU0I3eAhXkBsAKHYw5AGc4ChDoATAIegQIAhAB#v=onepage&q=wong%20kar%20wai%20fallen%20angels%20social%20context&f=false

In the mood for love - http://sensesofcinema.com/2010/cteq/in-the-mood-for-love/

Song and vision - https://film.avclub.com/song-and-vision-no-5-california-dreamin-and-chungki-1798217949

Hong Kong in charts - https://www.ft.com/content/7e2422b8-5bb1-11e7-9bc8-8055f264aa8b

Film 1 - Chungking express

Chunking express -  https://www.theguardian.com/film/1995/sep/14/1

• Westernised music, California Dreaming, show how Hong Kong is becoming more global and how it interacts with the rest of the world and doesn't fully conform to Chinese customs. 
• Fast paced tracking shot of He Zhiwu with high motion blur to emphasise the fast paced city life of Hong Kong and how things that happen may occur in a blur, this is where he first brushes past the Woman in the blonde wig, never know who you're going to meet. Time is moving fast in the run up to rule going to China 
• Close up on clock when He Zhiwu calls May, connotations of time running out, limited time with people in this continually running and moving city, growing ever closer to the rule of Hong Kong being handed over to China, feel as though time is running out.
• Password is 'Love you a million years' is love supposed to be the only thing that lasts in this city? But this particular love between He Zhiwu is running out and expiring, nothing remains, password is ironic. 
• He Zhiwu phoning multiple people to come see a movie with him and is constantly rejected, he has a constant need for company/ companionship in this quick stop city where nothing remains as its constantly moving, feels lonely and isolated, the shots become more dutch with every phone call, along with the lighting becoming more and more low key, his posture becoming more slouched and finally leaving the phone hanging, connotations of love fading and becoming more and more negative and tiring, the hope of love is hanging by a thread represented by the phone being a metaphor for this as its hanging by a wire. 
• CCalifornia Dreaming lyrics 'And the sky is grey' connotations of the dim hopelessness of the city, longing to be somewhere better, to move away from the isolation, in this time many started moving away from Hong Kong during the process of rule going back to China. 
• When Faye breaks into Cop 663s flat to clean the audience later sees that he doesn't notice the change in his own home which could be representing mens ignorance or the fact that he doesn't want to address the change in his home as so much is already changing around him.  
• Later the audience sees Cop 633 cleaning his flat after he says 'I gave my place a thorough cleaning that afternoon' in the non diegetic dialogue where he packs up his ex partners stuff into a box but still keeps the boxes storing them which could represent him trying to move on but still holding onto the past.  
• Obsessed with cans of pineapple with the expiration date of May 1st suggesting that everything has an expiration date as the can is supposed to represent his love with his ex partner may coming to an end.

Film 2 - Fallen Angels

Appreciation: Wong Kar Wais Fallen Angels - https://www.slantmagazine.com/house/article/appreciation-fallen-angels-directed-by-wong-karwai

• every scene is shot a night and most often in low key lighting, represents mystery of the future, fear of the unknown of what will happen when rule is handed over, connotations of isolation, loneliness and being alone in the dark 
•  Close up of TV that reads 'There is a difference' which could either be referencing the difference between the rule of the UK and the rule of China, or it could be referencing new wave films focusing on change, time, relationships and time and the difference it has to older more traditional films such as the traditional martial arts films. 

• Later the Hitman runs into a old class mate on a bus shown in a mid shot during this scene in the non diegetic dialouge he says 'everyone has a past' . Even in this ever changing seemingly one stop city people are always being reminded of the past regardless of if they want to or not. The past of  how things used to be before rule was decided to change. 
• A long shot soon after shows the killers agent sat alone at a bar which is primarily dominated by red lighting, in this she says in the non diegetic dialouge 'I always sit in the same table he sat at, makes me feel close to him' which can emphasise the loneliness people feel and their constant longing to be close to someone, to have company that will not leave, that will remain forever, 
• The audience also later sees the character He Qiwu saying in the non diegetic dialouge 'After eating an expired can of pineapples when I was five I never spoke again' which explicitly explains to the audience that things come to an end, that everything has an expiry date like his voice. 
• Panning shot in McDonald's of the Hitman looking around shows that the restaurant is empty which connotes the characters loneliness and that even though this is a big growing city people are still left alone, seemingly forgotten about in the chaos. 

Film 3 - In the mood for love 

• My favourite film - https://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2011/dec/19/in-the-mood-for-love
•  A big part of In the mood for Love's cinematogprahy is the use of double framing, gives the audience a sense of isolation and entrapment that the characters may be feeling due to not having as much contact with either their wife or husband. 
• Another major iconic part of the film is the fact that the audience never sees the two min characters partners which connotes a sense of unease, uncertain and confusion as to who they are. May link to the unease and confusion experienced by the Hong Kong public before an during the handover. 
• There are also many shots that have a clock as apart of the mise-en-scene as well as a close up of a clock when jumping to Su Li-zhen's work office. Yet again a reference to time moving and and could even signify the importance of time moving on and changing during the handover and how only time will tell how well the handover will work. 

New wave essay, bibliography and evaluation.

How well do the films directed by Wong Kar Wai reflect the social context of Hong Kong in 1980 to 2000.

In Hong Kong before the 1980s majority of the films involved martial arts, along with this an article from Filminquiry.com 2018 states that the "kung-fu craze in the sixties a worldwide phenomena" however after the 1980s when the United kingdom decided to hand over rule of Hong Kong back to China before the year 2000 many of the films shifted away from martial arts to focusing on things in the narrative themes such as change, expiration dates, loneliness and how the future is uncertain in the under belly of Hong Kong which lead to the Hong Kong new wave which is describes as new movement in the arts. An article from Annilna Koivula (2016) suggests that this change allowed for "raunchier sex scenes and more violence on screen" demonstrated in Fallen Angels 1995, which may have been brought on by "a surge in independent movie-making with directors experimenting with more artistic films". In this essay I am going to explore how films directed by Wong Kar Wai reflect the social context of what was happening in Hong Kong in the 1980s to 2000 while in the process of rule being handed over to China by focusing on the 3 texts Fallen Angels 1995, Chungking Express 1994 and In the Mood for Love 2000. I have chosen to focus on texts from Wong Kar Wai  as he often "delivers experimental, bold, and highly stylised cinematography and editing in his films".

When the audience is first introduced to Wong Kar Wais 1995 text Fallen Angels they can immediately tell that the text uses a lot of low key lighting within the cinematography and the mise-en-scene is almost always shown to be at night which could represent his 'unconventional style of cinema' (Stephen Teo 2005) or it could represent the mystery of the future for the characters as this is a common connotation of low key lighting. A reason as to why Wong Kar Wai may have used low key lighting to connote mystery is so the the audience can decode this as representing the rule of Hong Kong going from the United Kingdom to China and how 'Uncertainty lingers over Hong Kong handover'. The cinematography combining low key lighting and shots at night help convey to the audience that the characters and everyday people living in Hong Kong are unsure of what to expect when China take over rule, their life is suddenly surrounded in mystery and the fear of suffering as this is also a common connotation of night.

In the second text, 1994s Chungking Express one of the first narrative themes in He Zhiwu's story has a lot of emphasis on time as the mise-en-scene often features an expiration date or a clock along with this both the diegetic dialogue and the non diegetic internal dialogue has some reference to time.This narrative theme is particularly important in reflecting the social context of the time as an article from The Independent states that China once said 'that it would only take Hong Kong back "when the time is right"' which would involve evolving the lives of those who live there. For He Zhiwu he decides that the right time for him to move on and change from his relationship is exactly one month after his ex partner May leaves him and the date of his birthday. This is emphasised that the time is right to move on and that the time is running when a close up is shown of a clock going from April 29th to April 30th, the audience is able to decode this as time is running out for this characters love, which may also express the time running out as it's getting closer and closer to the handover date between the United Kingdom and China. An article from The guardian implies that the narrative theme of time is heavily used as the text is about 'characters waiting for something to come along and transform their lives' which reflects the lives of real people in Hong Kong at the time who were waiting for the handover to happen which would also eventually change their lives.

The narrative theme of time is also present in the film In the Mood for Love (2000) as the mise-en-scene often contains imagery of clocks and or time which is similar to Chungking Express. This is evident when the audience sees Su Li-zhen's work office as there is a clock almost in every shot of the scene towards the beginning, in particular a close up is used on a clock with a shallow depth of field which blurs out Su Li-zhen. An article from Senses of Cinema states that Wong Kar Wai believes that 'love is a matter of timing' which the clock in the scene may have been encoded for the audience to decode. The idea that is was only a matter of timing before Su Li-zhen and Mr Chow embark on thier 'love affair' could also reflect the social context as it was also only a matter of time before 'concern about the future of Hong Kong began to loom'. Therefore the mise-en-scene not only reflects the narrative theme of it only being a matter of time before the two protagonists reenact their partners affair but also it would only be a matter of time before the people on Hong Kong fear for the future. 

Wong Kar Wai's Fallen Angels not only reflects the protests that would take place during the handover but also the protests of modern day where residents occupying the city 'believe that its freedoms and relative autonomy are already eroding' The residents of Hong Kong are standing up for what they believe in but are beaten down eventually which is represented in the character the Hitman. In the book The Cinema of Wong Kar Wai it states that 'certain objects always appear in Wong Kar Wai's films to signify particular emotions ... Rainy and cloudy weather certainly is the signifier of a bad mood'. The signifier of cloudy weather is particularly used when the Hitman's character eventually dies after fighting and killing numerous people for a year, straight after he is shot a worms eye view is shown of the city looking at the sky where the mise-en-scene shows a dark cloudy night sky. This shot allows for the audience to decode that a tragic event has happened and connote an unpleasant mood which could also represent the mood of real people trying to protest the handover and keep their autonomy. They keep fighting but are eventually keep getting beaten down and seemingly forgotten about just like the Hitman, of which he could be a metaphor for.

In the book 'Wong Kar Wai' it states that the director said that there would be 'a new beginning in his works, one that would touch on the Hong Kong - China relationship post 97' (Stephen Teo 2005) and one of the first of this works would be In the Mood for Love (2000). The text In the Mood for Love has very ionic cinematography of double framing which connotes to the audience a sense of entrapment in the character, they are unable to escape. The use of double framing within this text is seen in almost every shot throughout the text to emphasise the entrapment of the Hong Kong citizens felt during and after the handover as 'More and more, there is a sense of futility'. This new wave film clearly reflects the social context of Hong Kong within this era.

Chungking Express also reflects the social context of the era as when the Hong Kong handover was announced 'many of its most talented directors, actors, and technicians fled to the West'. A reason that Chungking Express reflects this is through the use of westernised music, most noticeably the song 'California Dreaming' as it shows how people of Hong Kong long to leave as they don't want to conform to Chinese customs, the is mostly reflected in the character Faye as when she if first introduced she is playing the song in the diegetic soundtrack, she also listens the this song on repeat throughout the text even when cleaning Cop 663's apartment. Wong presents Faye constantly listening to the song 'because she’s similarly looking to escape a drab existence' just like the filmmakers and the public of Hong Kong in the 1980s to the 2000s. 

Another narrative theme of Fallen Angels is about things ending and expiring such at the Hitman's career and the relationship between the characters He Zhiwu and Cherry. During the text the audience hears the character He Zhiwu saying in the non diegetic dialouge 'After eating an expired can of pineapples when I was five I never spoke again' which not only lets the audience gain the gratification of information on the characters life but also how thing are ending in Hong Kong like how it was 'ending 156 years of British rule'. This non diegetic dialouge helps the audience understand the social context as it explains how things are constantly ending even when its unexpected, the ability to use his voice ended, professional and relationships end and Hong Kong being under British rule is ending.  

Although majority of narrative themes in Wong Kar Wais films focus on time and how people are curious or fearful for what time will bring in the hand over some people were also ignorant to the change about to happen. The leaders of Hong Kong seemingly refused to acknowledge how the handover would change the lives of Hong Kong citizens and this is reflected in the text Chungking Express with the character Cop 663 which is represented to show the character archetype of a stereotypical ignorant man. The audience sees a mid shot of Faye changing his blue flip flops to red and later the audience sees another mid shot of cop 663 wearing the changed flip flop almost as though he hasn't notice the change in colour as though he is ignoring the changes around him. This is similar to how China ignored how the handover would change the lives of the Hong Kong public as they only 'needed Hong Kong as a port, aviation hub and centre for foreign investment'. 

Overall the 3 texts directed by Wong Kar Wai clearly reflect the social context of what was happening in Hong Kong from 1980 to 2000 as they show the opinions and feelings of the Hong kong public when the 'British Prime Minister Margret Thatcher and Chinese Premier Zhao Ziyang sign an agreement committing Britain to return Hong Kong to China in 1997'. Wong Kar Wai manages to incorporate a range of cinematography, narrative themes, character archetypes and mise-en-scene in order to reflect the social context of the era. He manages to show the significance of time for the characters and the Hong Kong public, the mystery of the future and how people protested the change that was going to happen and still are protesting this change. Social context of 1980-2000 Hong Kong is effectively shown in Wong Kar Wai's Chungking Express (1994), Fallen Angels (1995) and In the Mood for Love (2000).

Bibliography

{1}Fallen angels 1995 

{2}Chungking Express 1994
{3}In the mood for love 2000

{4}Film inquiry(29th January 2015) (online) available from https://www.filminquiry.com (Accessed 10th October 2018)
{5}GB Times (11th October 2016) (online) available from https://gbtimes.com (accessed 10th October 2019)
{6}ttruong16 wordpress (18th April 2014) (online) available from https://ttruong16.wordpress.com (accessed 10th October 2018)
{7} Stephen Teo, British Film Institue (2005) Wong Kar Wai: Introduction, First edition, 21 Stephen Street London W1T 1LN , page 2
{8} The Irish Times (4th July 2017) (online) available from https://www.irishtimes.com (accessed 27th October 2018)
{9} Independnt (3rd January 1997) (online) available from https://www.independent.co.uk (accessed on 29th October 2018)
{10} The Guardian (14th September 1995) (online) available from https://www.theguardian.com (accessed 29th October 2018)
{11} Senses of Cinema (October 2010) (online) available form http://sensesofcinema.com (accessed 31st October 2018)
{12} Britannica (26th October 2018) (online) available from https://www.britannica.com (accessed 31st October 2018)
{13} The New York Times (1st July 2018) (online) available from https://www.nytimes.com (accessed 31st October 2018)
{14} Mengyan Cui, Chinese and Western Culture Differences in Narrative Cinemas (2007) Chapter 6, First edition, Boca Raton, Florida, USA, Universtity of Bedfordshire, Page 53
{15} Stephen Teo, British Film Institue (2005) Wong Kar Wai: Betrayed by Maggie Cheung: In the Mood for Love 2000 , First edition, 21 Stephen Street London W1T 1LN , Page 114
{16} The New York Times (29th June 2017) (online) available from https://www.nytimes.com (accessed 1st November 2018)
{17} Wheeler Winston Dixon and Gwendolyn Audrey Foster, (2008) Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, New Jersey
{18} AV Film (10th May 2009) (online) available from https://film.avclub.com accessed 5th November 2018) 
{19] Britanncia (October 8th 1998) (online) Available from https://www.britannica.com (accessed 7th November 2018)
{20} Financial Times (28th June 2017) (online) available from https://www.ft.com/ (accessed 10th November 2018)
{21} History (August 21st 2018) (online) available from https://www.history.com (accessed 15th November 2018)

Evaluation of strengths and weaknesses of research and content.

One strength of my research is that I was able to find plenty of accurate sources that fully supported the points that I was trying to make for example when talking about In the Mood for Love I was able to reference the book 'Wong Kar War written by Stephen Teo marking the new beginning in his work as I was clearly able to show that there was a change in his work importantly the cinematography used in the text In the Mood for Love. As well as this having a wide range of accurate sources meant that my work had a very accurate influence therefore helping to make any points that I made about the 3 texts and the social contexts of the films to be more reliable and valid to the points I was explaining.

However a weakness of my research is that I was unable to find many books with appropriate research for my question, therefore there is a high influence from Internet sources rather than purely academical sources. This lack of research from academical books may cause some of my research to be biased in the points that I make, this can mean that when I was saying how the Hong Kong public felt about the handover may be more biased towards the United kingdoms views of it rather than and equal opinion of both the United Kingdom and mainland China.

Another weakness of my research is that I wasn't very specific when talking about In the mood for Love and only used generic points about the text such as the cinematography and mise-en-scene instead of going into detailed scene analysis. I feel that if i was to research this film again I would try and complete extra reading in to the text in order to show that I have gained a deeper understanding of the text rather than a broad one.

Although the research for In the Mood for Love wasn't very detailed a strength is that I did an in depth study of the texts Fallen Angels and Chungking Express. I was able to do this by conducting detailed scene analysis of the most important scenes in within the films, as evidenced by the scene in Chungking Express when Faye breaks into Cop 663s apartment and cleans where he is seemingly ignorant to the changes and in Fallen Angels when the Hitman is eventually killed off. This is a strength as it allowed me to compare these scenes with research on the social context in detail rather than just focusing on just the scene.

Overall I think that my research and context for my essay on how films directed by Wong Kar Wai reflect the social context of 1980-2000 was successful as I was able to find out what was happening around this time, most importantly the Hong Kong handover. It was also successful as I was able to conduct research about the texts in a varied manner such as looking at the narrative themes, soundtrack, mise-en-scene etc in order to make a balanced essay on all aspects of the texts that reflect the social context. 

4 hour film challenge, Behind the Door version 2, Horror

4 Hour film challenge, Horror 

Behind the door version 2 
For this challenge we decided to build upon last weeks feedback and created a different ending to our previous film challenge 'behind the door', to do this we decided to make sure that we wouldn't break the 180 degree rule and add more to the narrative so that the audience could gain a larger gratification of entertainment.

                                          
Evaluation.

Building on last week we decided to cut out the first shot of the character looking into the first empty room and re do this shot so that the audience can easily follow the scene without feeling disorientated, we did this by still following the match on action of the character looking into the room without breaking the 180 degree rule which worked to our advantage. An advantage of this is that we were easily able to recreate the lighting in the previous short film so that the shot has continuity.
Another advantage of re doing this is that we could add a wide range of shot types for instance the long shot of the word 'HELP' in the wardrobe, the close up of the character entering the room and the long shot of the ghoul along with all the of the reaction shots. This is an advantage as it allows the audience to easily follow the story and understand whats happening within the scene.

However the biggest disadvantage is the fact the character suddenly changes clothes this is due to filming on different days and being unaware of the fact we were going to re do the final shots of the scene, if we was going to do this again we would have a discussion prior to filming to make sure there is continuity in the clothing of the character in order to not confuse the audience.

Another thing that could be re done is at the very end instead of cutting to black with a scream we could have added more within the mise-en-scene to add more of a horror scary effect to further enforce the fact that this short was supposed to conform to horror conventions. This would have improved our film as we could have had more of an experiment with lighting etc to improve our skills and further show our knowledge of camera and lighting.

4 hour film challenge, Behind the Door, Match on action

4 Hour film challenge - Doors, Match on action

Plan.

• Walking through doors to end of corridor 
• Opening doors
• Ambient sound
• Horror conventions 
• Camera and tripod

Evaluation.
One strength of our film was that we managed to use a wide range of shots involving, close ups, long shots, mid shots, canted shots and point of view shots, this allowed us to show our knowledge of different shot types while successfully using match on action as each shot followed on exactly from the previous shot so that the whole film blends in a smooth manner to show what was happening in the film. This was successful as the audience can easily follow what the character is doing within the scene.

However a disadvantage of our film comes from when the character is looking into the first empty room and the point of view shot is extremely dark, although we wanted a lot of low key lighting this appears to be too dark and may disorientate the audience that is watching as they may be confused as to what is happening in the mine-en-scene. If we was to do this again we would cut this shot out of the film as it appears to be unneeded as the audience can follow the narrative without it or we would add a point of light to brighten up the scene and see exactly what the character is seeing.

Another strength of our film was the use of lighting, the majority of the film is in low key but we were able to show a contrast of high key and low key when changing to the final room where it is highly lit, this was a strength as we were able to demonstrate our understanding of using light to add to the mood of the scene for instance the low key lighting adds to the mood of fear of the unknown and has the connotation of danger.

4 hour film challenge unusual perspective

4 Hour film challenge.
Unusual perspective.

Plan.

When starting to plan our 4 hour film challenge we started to think of things from different viewpoints, which is where we came up with the idea that there may be a prisoner trapped inside or a ghost who cannot leave, from this we decided to have all shots looking out of a window into a reality of which the person cannot experience. We also decided to split our time equally and use 2 hours filming and two hours editing so that we could edit effectively and not have it look rushed or unfinished. We also needed enough time to edit as parts of it got complex therefore an effective use of time was needed in order to get the fast paced editing in the end.

When making our shots we decided to use a range of high key and low key lighting to add contrast to the film as well as old fashioned music that was slightly poor quality to add a nostalgic feel to it as well as emphasising the poor quality of life that the 'person' may be experiencing. We chose to use a contrast in order to get the audience to question if the entrapment that the 'person' is a bad thing or a good thing emphasised by the use of low-key and high key lighting.

Final edit.



Evaluation.

One thing that could have further enforced the idea that the 'person' was trapped was by using a larger range of shots instead of just looking out of a window, for instance we could have used a close up of a hand resting on the window or a fist hitting the window trying to get out and being unsuccessful. As well as this the very end shot could have had another silhouette standing at the window to even more emphasise the fact that the 'person' is trapped and unable to escape their prison.

Another thing that could have improved the film was by using diegetic sound instead of only non diegetic sound which was only nostalgic music. We could have used knocking on the windows, footsteps or even whispering of what the 'person' is thinking as in monologue to what is happening, what they are thinking and what they are feeling. By using this we could have again emphasised the fact that they are trapped as the audience would get to understand more about the character rather than just what they are feeling.

However a strength of our film was the fact we used a range of lighting involving high key and low key lighting adding different moods to the shots for the audience to decode and try and gain a sense of what the 'person' is feeling. This was also a strength as we got to show our range of skills involving in lighting and how we can use it to create a different feel to each shot.

Another strength of our film is that we were able to demonstrate complex editing skills and even though we encountered technical difficulties like having to rely on the warp stabiliser due to a broken tripod and this not always working we were still able to finish the edit to look effective. We were also able to cut up different shots and even had split second shots to try and give the film a deeper meaning and add an almost 'creepy' feel to it by making audiences question what is happening.

Overall I think that our film is effective by using a range of lighting, camera and editing techniques to get across the idea of the 'person' being entrapped to only look out to the world outside. This also meant that we could use and show a range of skills. However with adding more diegetic audio to the film and a wider range of shots involving props and the movements of the 'person' within the mise-en-scene we could have get the idea of entrapment even more identifiable by the audience watching instead of trying to actively decode the meaning.

Lighting setups

Evidence of different lighting setups 

Studio Lights.
Rembrandt.



The Rembrandt lighting has been inspired by a Dutch painter born in 1606. His style of painting often left a triangle of lighting under the subjects eye. This type of lighting has been adapted as Hollywood grew as it was often used on Hollywood actors and actresses as it is a good technique due to the fact it is "simple, effective lighting setup that is flattering to a wide variety of subjects and is easy to master quickly" . When creating this on my own I used the lighting set up demonstrated below and has a slight triangle under the subjects eye however it didn't turn out as prominent as originally expected so if I was to do this again I would make sure that the light was a more of a 45 degree angle and possibly use a  reflector in order to get the light correctly under the subjects eye. 













Butterfly Lighting.


Butterfly lighting is a lighting technique where it adds shadows underneath the subjects face most notably the shadow under the nose which often resembles a butterfly. This shadow is created by using a key light directly in front the subjects face and slightly above pointing down in order to create the shadow effect. Similarly to Rembrandt lighting this style was also often used on Hollywood actors and Actresses in particularly in the Paramount Movie Studios of old Hollywood. I feel that my first try in creating this style of lighting is effective as it clearly defines the shadows under the subjects facial features with emphasis under the subjects nose. However if I was to recreate this shot I would try and make sure that the lighting wasn't as low key as it was and try to make it more high key. 

Edge Lighting.


Split lighting is created by using one light source which is placed 90 degrees to the subjects face in order to illuminate one side of the face and cast a shadow on the other side often in complete darkness. This style of lighting is 'used a lot in film noir cinematography' as it can be used to suggest the characters battle of moral ambiguity and show the binary opposition of good vs evil within the character as they may be doing bad things for a good reason. I feel that my demonstration of edge lighting is effective as it add dramatic effect while showing a clear divide between light and shadow on the subjects face, however if I was to recreate this I would attempt to find edge lighting in a natural set up to experiment with all the ways this style of lighting can be created. 











Low key lighting.

Low key lighting is often a big part of the technical conventions in genres like Horror or Film Noir this is because it often gives connotations of mystery or fear or the unknown. Low key lighting occurs when there is only 1 light source and casts shadows withing the mise-en-scene. When experimenting with low key lighting I found a dark corridor and used a torch propped up on a chair in order to cast a shadow. I got the subject to just walk past the camera and in the low key lighting they almost looked like a silhouette with a shadow casted on the wall as they walked past. I feel that this experiment with the low key lighting is effective as you can see the detail in the shot but the light is dark enough to not have everything in the scene be illuminated. However when looking at the health and saftey of low key lighting I would have to make sure that there is nothing blocking the subjects path that would cause the to trip and make sure that they can see well enough to know where they are walking

High key Lighting. 

High key lighting is used to illuminate the scene evenly and reduces the amount of shadows produced in order to give the connotations of feeling positive and gives the opposite effect of low key lighting. High key lighting means that multiple subjects in the frame are all evenly lighted insreda of falling victium to shaodows. When experimenting with high key lighting I chose to shot outside when it was fairly sunny so that the shot wouldbe fully illuminated. One problem with this is that I didnt use any other light source and primarily relied on ambient lighting to light up the shot meaning that some shadows could be caused. However when looking at my shot minimal shadows are used and the small ones created work effectively at giving the shot a greater sense of verisimilitude. 



Experimental lighting 1.

When first experimenting with lighting I used a portable area 48 Led light to help create the dramatic effect of the shadow behind the subject in a low key light while also illuminating the subjects face. I placed the light to the right of the subjects face around 45 degrees in order to get the effect that was created. I feel like my first experiment with light was effective as it illuminated the features of the subjects face without over lighting the background to keep it dark and dramatic.  When looking at health and safety I had to make sure that the light didn't get overheated so that is didn't trip out and stop working, I also had to make sure that the subject didn't get overheated 




Experimental lighting 2.


When creating my second experimental lighting I used the same area 48 LED light by increasing the intensity of the light to add more of a high key lighting effect, while doing this I placed a hand near the bottom of the light to cast a slight shadow on the bottom half of the subjects face in order to help highlight the subjects eyes. In terms of health and safety I made sure the the light wasn't too hot for someone to hold their hand in front in order to make sure that they don't get burned, and make sure that the light doesn't overheat and trip out. I would also make sure that the subject is comfortable and isn't overheated.

• 1) Blian Brown (2012), Lighting basics, Cinematography Theory and Practice Image Making for Cinematographers and Directors, Second edition, The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1BG UK, 2012, 106
• 2) The Beat (9th Januray 2018) (online) avaliable from https://www.premiumbeat.com (accessed 30th september 2018) https://www.premiumbeat.com/blog/high-key-vs-low-key-lighting/

Summer task two.

A) How lighting effects camera techniques for moving image.

The lighting used in a scene can be highly effected by the kind of lighting that gets used in the scene and can be particularly effective for moving image by creating a certain mood for an audience to feel as stated in the second edition of Cinematography Theory and Practice by Blain Brown 2012, which says that "lighting can be used to affect the audiences perception of the scene". A way that an audiences mood can be altered is by the type of lighting used for example low key lighting created by little or no fill light and can be used to create a moody feel to the image, this king of lighting would also effect the camera technique used as it may need a higher aperture to make sure the whole image is in focus, this will also allow for and shadows cast to be clearer and sharper, Or it may need a low aperture to make sure the audience is focusing on what is particularly important in the scene rather than making out whats in the background, for example in the film Inception, low key lighting is used so that the audience is focusing on the characters face and used a low aperture in order to blur out the background so the audience is looking at whats most important in the scene.

Inception 2010 Christopher Nolan, Science Fiction/Thriller.







Another way that lighting effects the camera techniques is by altering the exposure that can be seen in an image as "the screen itself should be lit as evenly as possible", for example if using ambient lighting the exposure in the image can vary depending on how the light moves as its effected by natural light meaning that not he whole screen is evenly lit.. When using ambient lighting on a particularly sunny day the aperture and shutter speed may need to be low so that the camera doesn't become overly sensitive to the suns light and make sure that the image doesn't get overly exposed. This lighting extremely effects the camera techniques used in films such as social realism as ambient lighting is the main and in most cases the only way light gets used within the film. In the film Fish Tank the main lighting that gets used is ambient lighting and in the first scene one shot seems to be overexposed due to the changing ambient lighting, and can be seen as the shot appears more white than what it would look like in real life but then gets later corrected to the right exposure .

Fish Tank 2009, Andrea Arnold, Social realsim, slightly over exposed.

Fish Tank 2009, Andrea Arnold, Social realsim, Correct exposure.









1) Blian Brown (2012), Lighting basics, Cinematography Theory and Practice Image Making for Cinematographers and Directors, Second edition, The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1BG UK, 2012, 106
2) Mitch Mitchell (2004), Sel-matting processes, Visual Effects for Film & Television, Linacare House, Jordan Hill, Oxford 0X2 8DP, 2004, 174

B) Lighting equipment and setups that would be used in the following scenarios... 

1) A small documentary where portability is paramount

2) 'Talking head' style interview
If the interview is taking place outside then only ambient lighting and a diffuser may be used and if its a particularly sunny day in order to block out shadows and diffuse the light. A pro of this is that the audience may feel as though this is a realistic set up without artificial lighting however a con of this is that the diffuser may not completely block the shadows making the interview look less professional.














If the interview is taking place inside then a 3 point lighting method might be used, this is created by using a key light to highlight and add dimension to the person being interview, then followed by a fill light which can fill in the shadows that may be cast by the key light and lastly followed by the backlight which can separate the person being interviewed from the background behind them. A pro of this is that all shadows will be cast out and the set up will look much more professional however a con of this is that you may need to be wary of the heat given off from the lights and make sure that the subject doesn't get too hot and overheated.












3) A 'Night time shoot'

For a night time shoot reflectors may be used to reflect the light that is avaliable at night to help light up the scene, they are also good for lighting up a night time shoot by correcting the colour given of from the moon, often blue reflectors are used to do this, they can also be used to make sure the light is focused on the subject to show the audience what is most important within the shot. However reflects may not also be available and may not always be available to light up the scene, in some cases white card may be used.













Another way to set up for a nighttime shoot is by using water to light up the scene as it can be used for a good reflector especially in urban areas where is reflects street lights or neon signs, water can create a highly reflective surface and lighten up the scene massively without the use for in some cases rather expensive lights. A pro of this is that water is usually high available and reduces the need to buy bigger lights however a con of this is that water may not be powerful enough to light the whole scene so some other lights may be needed to help solve this issue.