Research on Laura Mulvey, Jessica Rabbit and Harley Quinn

How is Laura Mulvey's theory of pleasure and narrative cinema composed in texts aimed at younger audiences like in 'Who framed Roger Rabbit' 1988 compared to texts aimed at mature audiences like in 'Suicide Squad' 2016

Jessica Rabbit from 'Who framed Roger Rabbit' 

·     https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/who-framed-roger-rabbit-30th-anniversary-jessica-feminism-appeal-a8411501.html - 

·     Thanks to those fantastical proportions, she’s both a legitimate sex symbol and the parody of one; an animated cartoon character who’s been lusted over and fetishised to the maximum. - 

·     She’s the pure product of the male gaze, in many ways, since her creators – animator Richard Williams and director Robert Zemeckis – have openly described her as the “ultimate male fantasy” 

·     doesn’t deserve to be written off entirely as two-dimensional fantasy, especially when her presence within the long cinematic history of the femme fatale has such value.

·     femme fatale acting as an outlet to those fears by directly equating sex with danger

·     “I’m not bad, I’m just drawn that way.” A line that exemplifies her own appeal beyond straight objectification

·     Jessica Rabbit may not be much of a femme fatale at heart, as we come to learn, but she’s certainly a woman who understands its power: to shun traditional femininity gets you marked as a danger, but it can also gain you control over those interested only in controlling you. 

·     https://www.theguardian.com/film/2018/jun/22/who-framed-roger-rabbit-at-30-the-game-changer-hollywood-couldnt-top- flashing as much scarlet-draped thigh and sideboob as can possibly be squeezed under a PG certificate

·     jessica Rabbit swiftly overtook Betty Boop as the ne plus ultra of animated sex symbols

·     http://whatculture.com/film/15-traumatising-moments-childrens-movies-scarred-life?page=9bit challenging for kids to watch and 'get'. There's the sexualisation of a cartoon rabbit

·     https://www.eadt.co.uk/what-s-on/great-movie-who-framed-roger-rabbit-is-really-film-noir-1-5585310 - that ‘Who Framed Roger Rabbit isn’t actually aimed at kids at all, …the story is very dark, pure 1940s film noir’ 

·     https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GKE2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA10&lpg=PA10&dq=characteristics+of+the+femme+fatale&source=bl&ots=kxh42ityAE&sig=aQ9Hh-UObTP0LyaGWr5Hnd2DNPk&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiMkObqru3fAhUL2SwKHeC6BpU4FBDoATANegQIAxAB#v=onepage&q=characteristics%20of%20the%20femme%20fatale&f=false

·     https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/2018/03/192343/femme-fatales-in-movies - a few important traits: A sultry voice, voluptuousness, sex appeal.

·     https://medium.com/@HaubrichNoir/on-the-femme-fatale-where-did-she-come-from-where-is-she-going-1fe271defd2d - hypnotizes with her lethal beauty.

·     https://www.theguardian.com/film/2018/jun/22/who-framed-roger-rabbit-at-30-the-game-changer-hollywood-couldnt-top

·     https://www.cbr.com/jessica-rabbit-secrets/
https://stream.org/lets-honest-disney-sexualizing-characters-long-time/

Harley Quinn from Suicide Squad 

• https://www.theodysseyonline.com/the-over-sexualization-of-harley-quinn
• The problem really arose when "Suicide Squad" was marketed by showing of Margot Robbie's booty
•  when somebody is asked to describe Harley Quinn, nine times out of ten, they go straight to the fact that they think she is hot
• https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/suicide-squad-margot-robbie-nails-the-problem-with-harley-quinn-the-joker-relationship-jared-leto-a7173641.html
• To prepare for the major role, which sees her dressed in hot pants so tiny that had to be digitally lengthened for international trailers
• she wears skimpy clothes because she enjoys doing so, not because she “wanted guys to look at her ass”
• The version of Harley that we see in Suicide Squad is over-stylized and turned into a sexual icon.
• https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/suicide-squad-margot-robbie-harley-quinn-hotpants-are-so-tiny-they-were-photoshopped-to-look-longer-a7169816.html - wears skimpy clothes because she enjoys doing so, not because she “wanted guys to look at her ass”. 
• https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/what-s-hot/story/wonder-woman-to-harley-quinn-here-s-what-every-woman-superhero-has-taught-us-1184438-2018-03-08 - Their sexualised portrayal made them unrealistic, even "dirty" in the minds of conservative parents
• https://www.scoopwhoop.com/sexualised-harley-quinn-in-suicide-squad-misses-the-point-of-the-character/#.qf5yktwf3
• https://www.theodysseyonline.com/why-harley-quinn-is-actually-feminist-symbol - Why Harley Quinn is actually a feminist symbol 

Laura Mulvey

• https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vb_1ma9DKH0C&pg=PA252&lpg=PA252&dq=luara+mulvey&source=bl&ots=0mDh9FVurD&sig=9rztAjW0LdOFoFgmxP5dN7LHfus&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj5ocPZodnfAhVVUBUIHfKsBmQQ6AEwCHoECAUQAQ#v=onepage&q=luara%20mulvey&f=false
• - https://venturebeat.com/community/2009/08/12/laura-mulvey-the-male-gaze-and-videogames/ - 
• The most common category of “sight” in film ... is what has come to be called The Male Gaze 
• Woman as Image; Man as Bearer of the Look
• http://www.composingdigitalmedia.org/f15_mca/mca_reads/mulvey.pdf
• Film Theory 101 – Laura Mulvey: The Male Gaze Theory - https://www.filminquiry.com/film-theory-basics-laura-mulvey-male-gaze-theory/
• https://theconversation.com/explainer-what-does-the-male-gaze-mean-and-what-about-a-female-gaze-52486
• https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=evB-AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=women+play+a+passive+role+in+films&source=bl&ots=RIeHWEMcrO&sig=3osyLmnC7JEuWkx_wLchfRqubSI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi70MPtjebfAhUCMewKHZwXC1M4ChDoATADegQIBRAB#v=onepage&q=women%20play%20a%20passive%20role%20in%20films&f=false
• https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/kate-holliday/miley-cyrus_b_8419214.html?guccounter=1&guce_referrer_us=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_cs=NHlCQfC8O--iMdw04WUkmA - empowered or exploited?